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- <text id=92TT1870>
- <title>
- Aug. 24, 1992: Warning:You Have 30 Seconds . . .
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1992
- Aug. 24, 1992 George Bush: The Fight of His Life
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SCIENCE, Page 56
- WARNING: You Have 30 Seconds...</hdr><body>
- <p> It's one thing to warn people that the Big One is coming--someday soon. Engineers can design stronger bridges and sounder
- buildings; city planners can guide development in ways that
- reduce hazards. It's quite another thing to sound the alarm for
- an earthquake less than a minute away. Such early-warning
- systems are technically feasible, though there is debate about
- whether they would save lives or promote panic.
- </p>
- <p> Convinced that every extra second is of value, Japan has
- invested mightily in these systems. Originally such devices were
- not tripped until the ground began to shudder--scant notice
- indeed, though enough to prevent the derailment of a speeding
- bullet train. Such simple motion-detecting systems are now used
- throughout Japan and in parts of California to halt subway
- trains and nudge elevators to the nearest floor when ground
- motion exceeds a certain threshold. The Alaska pipeline is
- similarly equipped for instant shutdown.
- </p>
- <p> But today more sophisticated systems can alert people as
- much as a minute before a city starts to shake. "This is
- possible," explains Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- geophysicist M. Nafi Toksoz, "because seismic waves propagate
- through the earth's crust relatively slowly, 5 to 8 km/sec. With
- an extensive network of sensors, we can locate the epicenter and
- determine the magnitude of an earthquake. This gives us the
- opportunity to warn people in outlying areas." How long a
- warning depends on the distance from the epicenter. Had such a
- system been in place in Mexico, for example, residents of Mexico
- City would have had nearly a minute to brace themselves for the
- two offshore quakes that killed more than 7,000 people inland
- in 1985.
- </p>
- <p> For California, an effective system could require
- thousands of sensors along various high-risk faults, linked by
- sophisticated systems for transmitting data. It would all have
- to run automatically by computer, says Hiroo Kanamori of
- Caltech's Seismological Laboratory: "There is no room for human
- uncertainty or hesitation." Toksoz believes a comprehensive
- system could be developed over a five-year period for $100
- million. A 1991 report produced for the National Academy of
- Sciences recommended that the Federal Government build a
- prototype system, but so far, nothing has been implemented.
- </p>
- <p> Would it be worth it? "It's not a solution to all
- earthquake problems, but there are a lot of practical
- applications," says Allan Lindh of the U.S. Geological Survey.
- "To have 30 seconds' warning would sound like a helluva idea to
- me if I worked near a sulfuric acid vat." Japan has already
- built advanced systems to shut down nuclear power plants, cut
- the gas flow from public utilities and issue tsunami alerts.
- Similar systems could divert incoming aircraft, warn rescue
- workers of aftershocks and minimize damage to computer,
- telecommunication and financial data networks.
- </p>
- <p> For ordinary citizens, a 30-second warning might be of
- limited use unless they had rehearsed what to do. Where it might
- be most helpful, according to sociologist Dennis Mi leti, a
- warning expert at Colorado State University, "is in schools and
- offices where people can practice responding to bells." Here too
- Japan has led the way. Its communities regularly conduct
- earthquake warning drills, while in California such drills are
- done only sporadically in some schools and workplaces. Still,
- most Californians know that when the ground starts to rumble,
- they must get away from the windows, duck beneath a sturdy
- table, stand under a doorframe, or pull over if they're in a
- car. History shows they don't always have time for even these
- simple measures. But what a difference 30 seconds could make.
- </p>
- <p>By David Bjerklie
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
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